It is the balance between these driving forces that leads to the formation of a pleural effusion. These factors are connected by Starling’s equation that describes the net flow of fluid across a semipermeable membrane and considered 'Starling forces'. Lymphatic drainage: drains body fluid and returns it to the systemic circulation.Oncotic pressure: osmotic pressure produced by large macromolecules (e.g.Hydrostatic pressure: pressure exerted by a fluid against a membrane, Increases lead to fluid leaking from blood vessels.This occurs locally within the parietal and visceral pleural capillaries: Several factors contribute to the balance between fluid entry and fluid exit in the pleural space. Under normal conditions, there is a constant balance between fluid entry and exit within the pleural space. Costodiaphragmatic recess: between the diaphragm and costal pleura.Costomediastinal recess: between the mediastinum and costal pleura.These areas are where fluid may accumulate in pleural effusions. This refers to two areas where adjacent areas of parietal pleura come into contact because the pleural space is not totally filled by lung tissue. Generates surface tension: pulls the two layers (parietal and visceral) adjacent to one another. Lubricates the pleural surfaces: easier for the layers to slide over one another during respiration. The pleural fluid has two major functions: Covers the lungs, blood vessels and bronchi Contains ~10 mL of fluid that is constantly turned over each day They are formed of a surface epithelium of mesothelial cells and underlying connective tissue. The pleura are serous membranes that fold back on themselves to form a membranous pleural sac with two layers and a potential space known as the pleural space. The pleura are serous membranes that line the lungs and thoracic cavity.
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